DDTread more at PAN UKs DDT section. DDT was the first synthetic pesticide of the modern age. It promised much. What is DDT? Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a. Its. insecticidal properties were discovered by the Swiss scientist Paul M. Geigy (now Novartis) in 1. Exactly how DDT affects the nervous. This fact sheet will refer to the technical product 'DDT'. DDT, with lesser amounts of. DDT (isomers are chemicals with the same molecular make- up, but with. Small amounts of the breakdown products. DDD and DDE can also be found in the formulation. DDT was originally used during World. War II to control typhus which was spread by the body louse. Since then it has. Initially DDT was spectacularly. But by the 1. 95. In recent years numerous studies on DDT. Of particular concern is its potential to mimic. Production. Many pesticide companies have been involved with DDT. By 1. 99. 1, only Enichem Synthesis (Italy), Hindustan Insecticides. India) and P. T Montrose Pesticido Nusantara (Indonesia) were listed by UN. Environment Programme (UNEP) as basic producers(4). It is also produced in. Mexico(5). There is no continuous record of world. DDT, and estimates of usage vary. Bring Back DDT, and Science With It! By Marjorie Mazel Hecht. UNEP suggested that world. Because. of exports, production continued to grow until 1. From 1. 95. 0 to 1. DDT were used annually in the Soviet Union (former USSR)(9). Table 1. Some countries which. DDT(4. 7) Bhutan. Guinea. Malaysia. Nepal. Sudan. Venezuela. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). In many areas early successes partially or completely. In the 1950s and 60s, discharges from a DDT manufacturing plant contaminated a tributary system of the Tennessee River near Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
Bolivia. India. Mauritius. Philippines. Tanzania. Vietnam. Ethiopia. Kenya. Mexico. Sri Lanka. Thailand Acute toxicity. DDT is moderately to slightly toxic to. Synonyms: p,p'-DDT; p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane; OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0847; IMIS Name History: DDT prior to 5/23/08; Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number. The acute oral LD5. DDT is less toxic to test animals exposed via the skin. The acute. dermal LD5. DDT is categorised by the World. Health Organisation as Class II . It mainly affects the central and. Acute effects in humans exposed to. At higher doses, tremors. Even in developing countries there have. PN3. 4 pp. 20- 2. In 1. 99. 4, one fatal poisoning was reported in. US involving a child who ingested one ounce (2. DDT and kerosene. Chronic effects. DDT has caused chronic effects on the nervous system. Dose levels at which. However they may be at, or even below. Reproductive effects. DDT causes adverse reproductive effects in test. In one rat study, oral doses of 7. In rabbits, doses of 1 mg/kg/day administered on gestation days 4- 7. In mice, doses of 1. Many of these observations may be the result of disruptions to the. Available epidemiological studies. DDT have not confirmed adverse effects in humans. One. study did report a significant association between maternal DDT blood levels and. DDT(1. 6). Teratogenic effects (birth defects)Again there is evidence that DDT causes. In mice, maternal doses of 2. DDT. from gestation through to lactation resulted in impaired learning in maze. Epidemiological studies involving humans are unavailable(1. Cancer. The evidence relating to DDT and carcinogenicity. It has increased tumour production, mainly in. In rats, liver tumours were induced in three studies. Tests have shown laboratory. DDT. Life time doses of 0. The US Department of Health and Human. Services (DHHS) has determined that 'DDT may reasonably be anticipated to be a. DHHS has not classified DDE and DDD, but the US Environmental. Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that they are probable human carcinogens(2. Work carried out by the US National. Cancer Institute correlates breast cancer in women with increased levels of DDE. From 1. 4,2. 90 women monitored in the New York University Women's. Health Study, researchers selected 5. After adjusting for participants'. DDE in the blood(2. Residues in food. DDT is very fat- soluble and is therefore found in. Even in countries across North America. Northern Europe, where its use has been banned for over a decade (see. DDT residues are still often found in food. This is because of. DDT is still used. A range of analysis has been carried. UK, which is indicative of levels in the region. During 1. 99. 6, the UK. Working Party of Pesticide Residues (WPPR) found residues of DDT in butter. Residues of DDE, TDE and DDT found indicated the pollution. DDT is still approved (or has recently been. Eggs analysed as part of the Total Diet. Survey in 1. 99. 6 were found to contain residues as p,p'- DDT, o,p'- DDT, p,p- TDE and. DDE. In another 1. WPPR study which. DDT as p,p'- DDE and p,p'- DDT. The presence of p'p- DDT may indicate more recent DDT exposure. The dietary intake of DDT is. In 1. 99. 6, the World Health. Organisation (WHO) assessed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for DDT from a. ADIs are the amount of pesticide that can be. They do not take into account. DDT exposure, such as occupational, or. Table 2. Relative DDT. Country Daily intake* % of ADIEgypt 1. Finland 0. 0. 26 0. India 3. 6 1. 8. 0. New Zealand 0. 0. UK 0. 0. 5 0. 2. 5Human exposure. Analysis of human fat has been carried out. UK showing that DDT can persist for many years. Analysis of. 2. 03 samples of mostly renal fat showed 9. DDT. (see table 3)(2. Many of the levels found are above effect- level exposures. They are also well above the life- time safety exposure limit ADI of 0. Table 3. DDT*. residues of in human fat (1. UK)No. Organochlorines appear to transfer freely across. In one study involving humans, 1. In another study. Residue values tend to be higher for. According to John Wargo of Yale University in the US, children. African- Americans experience levels roughly three times those of whites for. It is unclear whether the differences for. African- Americans are due to a variation in environmental exposure, or because. DDT is excreted in human milk. A study. carried out in Zimbabwe found high levels of DDE residues in breast milk. Between 1. 95. 0 and 1. DDT was used over. Soviet Union. As a result, dangerously high residue levels. DDT is found in the bodies of people. Arctic regions, where DDT has never been used. Along the west. coast of Greenland, in Nunavik, Canada, and in Nikel on the Lola Peninsula of. Russia, blood levels are only a factor of ten lower than the levels that are. Levels of p,p- DDT in the UK have. This would be expected, as DDT has. Levels of the breakdown product p,p'- DDE are not. Although the average figure has more than halved, the. Ecological effects. Environmental fate. DDT and its breakdown products have widespread. It has a. reported half- life in the environment of 2- 1. Many governmental and. DDT as a major hazard to the. Fish. DDT is highly toxic to fish. The 9. 6- hour LC5. Smaller fish are more. An increase in temperature. DDT to fish(3. 4). Birds. DDT and its metabolites can lower the reproductive. Sensitivity to DDT varies considerably according to species(3. In the US, the bald eagle nearly became. DDT. According to research by the. World Wildlife Fund and the US EPA, birds in remote locations can be affected by. DDT contamination. Albatross in the Midway islands of the mid- Pacific Ocean show. Researchers. found levels of DDT in adults, chicks and eggs nearly as high as levels found in. North American Great Lakes(3. Developing countries. A recent overview of organochlorine use in Africa. Endocrine disrupters. DDT, DDD and DDE are all strongly suspected of being. DDT- related deformities in birds include. There is also concern that it has the potential. Resistance. Many insect species have developed resistance to DDT. In the intervening years. By 1. 98. 4. a world survey showed that 2. DDT(4. 0). Today, with cross resistance to several insecticides, it is difficult. DDT. Global contamination. DDT is one of nine persistent organic pollutants. POPs) which bioaccumulate, and which are transported by air and water currents. The. process of degradation is dramatically slowed down in cooler climates. The. global risk of adverse effects to human health and the environment has led the. UN Environment Programme (UNEP) to. INC) for a POPs Convention. The first INC meeting takes place in June 1. It. is a hazard to the environment, both are areas where it is still used, and in. As a matter of urgency the use of DDT, a major POP, needs to be phased. DDT restrictions. Control actions to ban or severely restrict DDT. In at. least 2. 6 countries, DDT is completely banned, and in 1. In these latter cases, it is permitted for use by. Total ban. Canada 1. Chile 1. 98. 5Cuba 1. Liechtenstein 1. 98. Korea 1. 98. 6Poland 1. Singapore 1. 98. 4Switzerland 1. Soviet production and use continued. In some cases, DDT production even. DDT was banned in the US in 1. Small amounts were used until 1. In. 1. 99. 1, the US exported 9. DDT(4. 6). References. Mellanby, K., The DDT Story, British Crop. Protection Council (BCPC), 1. Decision Guidance Document, DDT, Joint FAO/UNEP. Prior Informed Consent, 1. DDT Exposure in Mexico, Environmental Health. Perspectives, 1. 04: 6, June 1. Data profile on DDT, UNEP, International Register. Potentially Toxic Chemicals, Geneva, 1. Report on study on international trade in widely. UNEP/FAO/PIC/INC. Environmental Health Criteria 9, DDT and its. Derivatives, WHO, Geneva, 1. Officially banned- unofficially used: DDT use in the. Soviet Union, PANUPS, Pesticide Action Network North America, San Francisco. US, 1. 99. 7. 1. 0. Tomlin, D. C. S., (Ed.), The Pesticide Manual, BCPC. UK, 1. 99. 7. 1. 1. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides. Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 1. UNEP, ILO, WHO. Geneva, Switzerland, 1. DDT, Extoxnet, Pesticide Management Education. Program, Cornell University, 5. Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York, US, 1. Toxicology Profile for 4,4'- DDT, 4,4'- DDE, 4,4'DDD. Update), 1. 99. 4, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public. Health Service, Atlanta, GA, 1. Residues of DDT metabolite linked to increased. PANUPS, 1. 99. 3. Need original reference in National. Journal of Cancer. Annual Report of the Working Party on Pesticides. Residues: 1. 99. 6, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and Health and. Safety Executive, MAFF publications, 1. DDT, DDE, and DDD Agency for Toxic Substances and. Disease Registry, Public Health Statement, Atlanta, Georgia, US, 1. Wargo, J., Our children's Toxic Legacy, Yale. University Press, 1.
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